(1) Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. His agency has poured millions of dollars into virtual reality research projects.

(2) “With virtual reality we’ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

(3) The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

(4) Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.

(5) These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.

(6) During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.

(7) Some projects have begun taking the next step: using this technology in real-time procedures. In Boston, at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, doctors have been doing surgeries with a new magnetic resonance imaging machine. “It’s a step along the way,” surgeon Carol MacArthur said of the technology. She’s looking forward to a head-mounted display with a 3D image. Other types of 3D displays are also finding their way into the operating room.

(8) Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”

According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine________.