Education began in the earliest prehistory, as adults trained the young in the

knowledge and skills deemed necessary in their society. In

preliterate societies this achieved orally and through imitation. 【M1】__________

Story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation

to the next. As cultures began to extend its knowledge beyond skills that 【M2】__________

could be readily learned through imitation, formal education developed.

Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom.

Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institute of higher 【M3】__________

learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in

around 331 BCE, became the successor of Athens as the intellectual 【M4】__________

cradle of Ancient Greece. There, mathematician Euclid and anatomist

Herophilus constructed the great Library of Alexandria and translated

the Hebrew Bible into Greek. European civilizations suffered a collapse

of literacy and organization followed the fall of Rome in 476 AD. 【M5】__________

In China, Confucius (551-479 BCE), of the State of Lu, was the

country’s the most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational 【M6】__________

outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbors like

Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Confucius gathered disciples and searched

in vain for a ruler would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his 【M7】__________

analects were written down by followers and had continued to influence 【M8】__________

education in East Asia into the modern era.

After the fall of Rome,the Catholic Church became the sole

observer of literate scholarship in Western Europe.The church 【M9】__________

established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of

advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately involved 【M10】_________

into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe’s modern

universities.

【M7】