Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
Andreas Schleicher sat down quietly toward the back of the room, trying not to attract attention. He did this sometimes, wandering into classes he had no intention of taking.
It was the mid-1980s, and he was studying physics at the University of Hamburg, one of Germany’s leading universities. In his free time, however, he slipped into lectures the way other people watched television. This class was taught by Thomas Neville Postlethwaite, who called himself an “educational scientist.” Schleicher found the title curious.
Schleicher’s father was an education professor at the university and had always talked about education as a kind of mysterious art. “You cannot measure what matters in education — the human qualities,” his father liked to say. From what Schleicher could tell, there was nothing scientific about education, which was why he preferred physics. But this British fellow whose last name he could not pronounce seemed to think the other way around. Postlethwaite was part of a new group of researchers who were trying to analyze a soft subject in a hard way, much like a physicist might study education if he could.
Schleicher listened carefully to the debate about statistics and sampling. In his mind, he started imagining what might happen if one really could compare what kids knew around the world, while controlling for factors like race or poverty in the analysis. He found himself raising his hand and joining the discussion.
In Schleicher’s experience, German schools had not been as exceptional as German educators seemed to think. As a boy, he’d felt bored much of the time and earned ordinary grades. But, as a teenager, several teachers had encouraged his fascination with science and numbers, and his grades had improved. In high school, he’d won a national science prize, which meant he was more or less guaranteed a well-paying job in a private company after college. That was exactly what he’d planned to do, until he stepped into Postlethwaite’s lecture.
At the end of class, the professor asked Schleicher to stay behind. He could tell that there was something different about this young man.
“Would you like to help me with this research?”
Schleicher stared back at him, shocked. “I know nothing about education.”
“Oh, that doesn’t matter,” Postlethwaite said, smiling.
After that, the two men began to team up, eventually creating the first international reading test, a test that measured reading ability globally.

What does the word “That” (para.5) probably refer to?