No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and

amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule. 【M1】_________

Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry connotation that the 【M2】_________

person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community

and, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of 【M3】_________

specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement

of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for

professional participation in science. The trend was naturally most 【M4】_________

obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or

laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development

of geology in the UK.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century

and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the primacy of 【M5】_________

research, but also a changing definition of that constitutes an acceptable 【M6】_________

research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies

represented worthwhile research in their own right; and, in the 【M7】_________

twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to

professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect to the wider geological 【M8】_________

picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local

studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to

professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has

been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by

national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local

geological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical consequence 【M9】_________

of this development, separate journals have now appeared aiming mainly 【M10】________

at either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of

differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together

nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs

have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together

nationally in a different way.

【M3】