Language often operates at an unconscious level to influence our

thoughts, beliefs, and actions. To participate competently in society,

people cannot be so self-conscious about the use of language in everyday 【M1】__________

life. But those aspects of language that people are least aware of has the 【M2】__________

greatest impact on how people perceive the world. Thus, linguistic

anthropologists draw in different methodological techniques to analyze 【M3】__________

the conventions and patterns embed in and across speech, writing, sign 【M4】__________

language, gesture, and body movements. They consider how grammar,

language use, and people’s beliefs and ideas about language interaction. 【M5】__________

Linguistic anthropologists typically use ethnographic methods to

participate in and observe communicative styles and social interactions.

These methods rely on document, through writing field notes and/or 【M6】__________

using audio or film to record language use in practice. Some linguistic

anthropologists may interview people to find more about how their 【M7】__________

practices and beliefs around language shape politics and society. Other

linguistic anthropologists design experiments or use computational

methods to evaluate how grammatical forms or writing systems reflect

and influence human cognition and thought.

Like cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology is mainly

concerned with present-day phenomenon, though some linguistic 【M8】__________

anthropologists also rely on archival methods to investigate how

contemporary sociolinguistic forms have or appear to have changed

historically. Some also conduct longitudinal studies to look at the

socialization of language in time. Socialization refers to how novices use 【M9】__________

spoken language, sign language, and homesigns (gestural systems with

language-like structures ) to acquire cultural and communicative

competence. These studies examine how identities and languages are

reproduced over people’s lifespans.

Some linguistic anthropologists also study visual worlds and digital 【M10】_________

spaces to understand how new media, information, and communication

technologies impact the way people communicate and use language. That

may include looking at how people use social media platforms,

smartphones, or virtual meeting platforms.

【M8】