自变量与因变量_科学研究方法

研究方法

因变量（dependent variable）函数中的专业名词，也叫函数值。函数关系式中，某些特定的数会随另一个（或另几个）会变动的数的变动而变动，就称为因变量。如：Y=f(X)。此式表示为：Y随X的变化而变化。Y是因变量，X是自变量。

Independent variable and dependent variable are important terms related to controlled experiments

自变量和因变量是与受控实验相关的重要术语

Remember a controlled experiment is a scientific test in which all conditions are kept constant except for the variable you're testing

请记住,受控实验是一种科学测试,其中除了您正在测试的变量之外,所有条件都保持不变

The independent variable is the thing you're testing in an experiment

自变量是您在实验中测试的东西

It's often abbreviated as IV

它通常缩写为 IV,

and sometimes called the manipulated variable

有时称为操纵变量

because you change or manipulate this variable

因为你改变或操纵这个变量

In an experiment

在一项实验中,

the dependent variable is the thing you're observing and measuring

因变量是你正在观察和测量的东西,

the thing you're anticipating may be affected as a result of exposure to the independent variable

您预期的事情可能会因暴露于自变量而受到影响

It's often abbreviated as DV

它通常缩写为 DV,

and sometimes called the responding variable because it responds to the change that you make

有时称为响应变量,因为它响应您所做的更改

Let's look at a few examples

让我们看几个例子

Suppose your hypothesis is that if students study 15 minutes a night

假设你的假设是,如果学生每晚学习 15 分钟,

then they will have higher test grades than those who don't study at all

那么他们会比那些根本不学习的人有更高的考试成绩

What's being changed or manipulated

什么被改变或操纵?

It's whether or not the students study for 15 minutes

在于学生是否学习15分钟

And what's going to be observed or measured in this experiment

在这个实验中将观察或测量什么?

What do you think might be different as a result of this increased study time

您认为增加学习时间可能会带来什么不同?

You're expecting tests grades will be affected

您预计考试成绩会受到影响

In this experiment the independent variable is the study time

在这个实验中,自变量是学习时间

And the dependent variable the thing you're measuring or going to observe is the tests grades

因变量,您要测量或要观察的东西是测试成绩

Here's another example

这是另一个例子

See if you can figure it out

看看你是否能弄清楚

This time the hypothesis is that if people who have headaches take aspirin

这次的假设是,如果头痛的人服用阿司匹林,

then they will get relief faster than those who don't take aspirin for headaches

那么他们会比那些不服用阿司匹林治疗头痛的人更快地得到缓解

So what's the thing that's different in this case

那么,这个案例有什么不同呢?

The thing that's different the independent variable is whether or not somebody is taking an aspirin

不同的是,自变量是某人是否服用阿司匹林

Then what are you going to measure

那么你要测量什么?

You're measuring how long it takes for their headache to go away

您正在测量他们的头痛需要多长时间才能消失

That's the dependent variable

这就是因变量

Here's a final example to help you understand these terms

这是帮助您理解这些术语的最后一个示例

You predict that if a brand name light bulb is left on continuously

你预测如果一个名牌灯泡持续亮着,

then it will burn longer than a bargain brand light bulb used in the same manner

那么它会比以相同方式使用的廉价品牌灯泡燃烧更长时间

In this case what is the independent variable

在这种情况下,自变量是什么?

It's the brand name light bulb

这是名牌灯泡

What are you measuring

你在测量什么?

You're measuring how many hours the light bulbs work before burning out which is the dependent variable

您正在测量灯泡在烧坏之前工作了多少小时,这是因变量

The independent variable is the brand name light bulb and the dependent variable is the amount of time the light bulbs work before burning out

自变量是品牌灯泡,因变量是灯泡烧坏之前的工作时间

So to review the independent variable is the thing that you're testing

因此,回顾一下,自变量就是您正在测试的东西

Sometimes this is referred to as the cost in an experiment

有时这被称为实验成本

It is also the "if" part of your hypothesis

这也是你的假设的"如果"部分

The dependent variable the thing you're measuring is the effect

因变量,即您正在测量的东西,就是效果

It is also the "then" part of your hypothesis

这也是你的假设的"然后"部分

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