偏头痛是一种常见、反复发作的头痛疾病,以一侧或两侧的搏动性剧烈头痛为主要特征,常伴有恶心、呕吐、对声光刺激过敏等症状。其常见类型包括无先兆偏头痛、有先兆偏头痛和慢性偏头痛等。偏头痛的发病原因可能与遗传、内分泌代谢、环境因素、精神因素等有关,且常有遗传背景。女性患者是男性的2-3倍,大多起病于青春期,少部分可在儿童期发病。

症状上,偏头痛的典型表现为剧烈头痛,可为一侧头部疼痛,向另一侧迁移,还可能对光线、噪音和气味敏感。 常见的伴发症状包括恶心、呕吐,胃部不适,腹部疼痛,感觉非常热或冷,肤色苍白等。

治疗方面,目前偏头痛无法被根治,多数治疗目的在于减轻或终止头痛发作,缓解伴发症状,预防头痛复发。包括药物治疗和非药物治疗,其中药物性治疗分为发作期治疗和预防性治疗。非药物治疗主要是加强宣教,帮助患者保持健康的生活方式,寻找并避免诱发偏头痛的各种因素。

就影响而言,偏头痛极大影响患者的生活质量,可对社会、经济及个人造成重大负担。因此,尽管偏头痛并不致命,但它在全球疾病负担中排第三位,是一种值得重视的公共卫生问题。

To sense the world your nerves send electrical signals to and from your spinal cord and brain
为了感知世界,您的神经向脊髓和大脑发送电信号或从脊髓和大脑发送电信号
Sensors throughout our body collect information about our surroundings
我们全身的传感器收集有关周围环境的信息
This information is sent by signals to our brain through a series of nerve cells
这些信息通过一系列神经细胞通过信号发送到我们的大脑
Each electrical signal is carried from one end of a nerve cell to the other using passageways called ion channels
每个电信号通过称为离子通道的通道从神经细胞的一端传递到另一端
Charged particles called ions pass through the channels along the nerve which helps generate the electrical current
带电粒子(称为离子)沿着神经穿过通道,有助于产生电流
At the end of the nerve the signal moves to the next via chemicals called neurotransmitters
在神经末端,信号通过称为神经递质的化学物质传递到下一个神经末端
Communication with the brain occurs via pathways and nerve centers at the base of the brain called the brain stem
与大脑的交流是通过大脑底部(称为脑干)的通路和神经中心进行的
The brain stem helps control sleep heart rate and breathing
脑干有助于控制睡眠、心率和呼吸
Migraine is a disease where one or more parts of this communication system does not function properly
偏头痛是一种通信系统的一个或多个部分无法正常运行的疾病 许多
Many sections of DNA called genes program ion channels neurotransmitters and other structures that support these nerve pathways
DNA
In some with migraine inherited changes to genes called mutations can cause the communication system to become hypersensitive
片段,称为基因、程序离子通道、神经递质和支持这些神经的其他结构 在一些偏头痛患者中,基因的遗传变化(称为突变)可能会导致沟通系统变得高度敏感
Most mutations do not directly cause migraine but in combination may explain why there are so many forms and symptoms of migraine disease
大多数突变不会直接引起偏头痛,但组合起来可以解释为什么偏头痛疾病有如此多种形式和症状
These mutated genes affect the function of other parts of the body
这些突变基因会影响身体其他部位的功能
As a result people with migraines may also have
因此,患有偏头痛的人也可能患有
anxiety
焦虑,
depression
沮丧
epilepsy
癫痫
hypothyroidism
甲状腺功能减退症
irritable bowel syndrome
肠易激综合症
pelvic floor pain
盆底疼痛
fibromyalgia
纤维肌痛
Sjogren’s disease
干燥病
and others
和其他人
Each attack typically has three or four phases
每次攻击通常分为三个或四个阶段
The typical phases of a migraine attack are prodrome starting hours before a headache aura headache and postdrome
偏头痛发作的典型阶段是前驱症状,即头痛前数小时、先兆、头痛和后遗症
Prodrome includes subtle symptoms such as yawning fatigue or moodiness
前驱症状包括微妙的症状,例如打哈欠、疲劳或喜怒无常
Experienced only by some auras may be short term visual changes such as flashes of light zigzags or blind spots
只有某些人会经历光环,它可能是短期的视觉变化,例如闪光、之字形或盲点
Auras can also include numbness confusion vertigo or even muscle weakness
光环还可能包括麻木、混乱、眩晕,甚至肌肉无力
Pounding headaches may occur on only one side of the head often lasting four to seventy two hours
剧烈头痛可能仅发生在头部的一侧,通常持续四到七十二小时
Other possible symptoms include light and noise sensitivity or nausea
其他可能的症状包括光和噪音敏感性,或恶心
Finally during postdrome a person feels like they have hangover which lasts another day or two
最后,在发病后,一个人会感觉宿醉,这种情况会持续一两天
Migraine attacks are often brought on by specific stimuli or triggers such as increased stress weather change too much or too little sleep or certain foods
偏头痛发作通常是由特定刺激或触发因素引起的,例如:压力增加、天气变化、睡眠过多或过少或某些食物
Since it may be a cumulative effect of several triggers avoiding as many known triggers as possible can help reduce the number of attacks
由于它可能是多个触发因素的累积效应,因此避免尽可能多的已知触发因素有助于减少攻击次数
It is important for treatment planning to distinguish migraine on the basis of frequency and character of attacks
根据偏头痛发作的频率和特征来区分偏头痛对于制定治疗计划非常重要
Less than fifteen headache days per month is episodic migraine
每月头痛天数少于十五天为阵发性偏头痛
Fifteen or more headaches per month is chronic migraine
每月头痛十五次或以上即为慢性偏头痛
Every year about three percent of those with episodic migraine become chronic
每年约有百分之三的阵发性偏头痛患者转为慢性偏头痛
This worsening of symptoms may be due to changes in hormones or accumulated brain damage from years of migraine attacks
症状恶化可能是由于荷尔蒙的变化或多年偏头痛发作造成的累积脑损伤所致
While migraine is rarely deadly it is an invisible disease that can steal years of quality time
虽然偏头痛很少致命,但它是一种看不见的疾病,可以夺走数年的美好时光
For more information about migraine talk to your healthcare provider or visit migrainedisorders.org
有关偏头痛的更多信息,请咨询您的医疗保健提供者,或访问
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