肩关节是一个高度活动的球窝关节，由三块骨头组成：
肱骨，或上臂，
锁骨或锁骨，
和肩胛骨或肩胛骨
肱骨头是位于肱骨顶部的球状结构
锁骨位于胸骨和肩胛骨顶部之间
肩胛骨是一块扁平的三角形骨头，形成肩部的背部和顶部
关节盂或窝是肩胛骨最靠近手臂部分的浅凹陷
肱骨头球适合这个插座
关节软骨是覆盖肱骨头并衬于关节盂的组织
它允许关节平滑滑动
四块肌肉从肩胛骨开始，向肩关节延伸
这些肌肉通过肌腱附着在肱骨上，
它们是连接肌肉和骨骼的坚固组织索
这些肌腱形成肩袖，
这是一个支撑肩关节骨骼并将肱骨头固定在关节盂内的胶囊
肩袖赋予肩关节稳定性，
将球和球窝保持在正确的位置
肩袖还为肩关节提供了广泛的运动范围
有时，肩关节可能会因疾病或受伤而严重受损
例如，关节炎会侵蚀关节中的关节软骨，导致疼痛和活动能力下降
肩袖受伤，例如撕裂，
还会引起疼痛并降低肩关节活动度
随着时间的推移，肩袖受损的肩膀可能会出现袖带撕裂关节病，
由于异常运动和撕裂导致的不稳定性，肩关节出现关节炎的情况
肩关节的严重疾病或损伤可能需要通过关节置换术来治疗
标准肩关节置换术使用人造材料为肱骨头创建一个新的球，并为肩胛骨创建一个新的插座
然而，当肩关节的疾病或损伤因肩袖严重衰弱或受伤而变得复杂时，
可能需要反向肩关节置换术
反向肩关节置换术可以让手臂上的三角肌从薄弱和受伤的肩袖处接管肩关节的运动
在这次修复中，球和插座的位置颠倒了
接受腔植入物固定在肱骨顶部，也就是球头或球头所在的位置。
而且，球植入物附着在肩胛骨上，也就是插座曾经所在的地方
在反向全肩关节置换术中，手术将从肩关节切口开始
外科医生会将肱骨头与肩关节分离……并将其移除
肱骨将被挖空，为植入窝做准备
接下来，关节盂内部将被重塑，为放置球植入物做好准备
金属底座将用螺钉固定在肩胛骨上
球将被拧到金属底座上
接受腔植入物位于金属柄上
它将被插入肱骨
最后，外科医生将球植入物插入窝植入物中，将新关节组装在一起
手术结束时，切口将缝合

The shoulder joint is a highly mobile ball and socket joint made up of three bones
肩关节是一个高度活动的球窝关节,由三块骨头组成：
the humerus or upper arm
肱骨,或上臂,
the clavicle or collar bone
锁骨或锁骨,
and the scapula or shoulder blade
和肩胛骨或肩胛骨
The humeral head is the ball like structure at the top of the humerus
肱骨头是位于肱骨顶部的球状结构
The clavicle runs between the breastbone and the top of the scapula
锁骨位于胸骨和肩胛骨顶部之间
The scapula is a flat triangle shaped bone that forms the back and top of the shoulder
肩胛骨是一块扁平的三角形骨头,形成肩部的背部和顶部
The glenoid cavity or socket is a shallow depression in the part of the scapula closest to the arm
关节盂或窝是肩胛骨最靠近手臂部分的浅凹陷
The ball of the humeral head fits into this socket
肱骨头球适合这个插座
Articular cartilage is a tissue that covers the humeral head and lines the glenoid cavity
关节软骨是覆盖肱骨头并衬于关节盂的组织
It allows the joint to glide smoothly
它允许关节平滑滑动
Four muscles start at the scapula and run toward the shoulder joint
四块肌肉从肩胛骨开始,向肩关节延伸
These muscles are attached to the humerus with tendons
这些肌肉通过肌腱附着在肱骨上,
which are strong cords of tissue that connect muscles to bone
它们是连接肌肉和骨骼的坚固组织索
These tendons form the rotator cuff
这些肌腱形成肩袖,
which is a capsule that supports the bones of the shoulder joint and holds the humeral head within the glenoid cavity
这是一个支撑肩关节骨骼并将肱骨头固定在关节盂内的胶囊
The rotator cuff gives the shoulder joint stability
肩袖赋予肩关节稳定性,
keeping the ball and socket in proper position
将球和球窝保持在正确的位置
The rotator cuff also gives the shoulder joint its wide range of motion
肩袖还为肩关节提供了广泛的运动范围
Sometimes the shoulder joint can become severely damaged from disease or injury
有时,肩关节可能会因疾病或受伤而严重受损
For example arthritis can erode the articular cartilage in the joint causing pain and less mobility
例如,关节炎会侵蚀关节中的关节软骨,导致疼痛和活动能力下降
Injuries to the rotator cuff such as a tear
肩袖受伤,例如撕裂,
can also cause pain and decrease shoulder joint mobility
还会引起疼痛并降低肩关节活动度
Over time a shoulder with a damaged rotator cuff may develop cuff tear arthropathy
随着时间的推移,肩袖受损的肩膀可能会出现袖带撕裂关节病,
a condition where the shoulder joint develops arthritis due to abnormal motion and instability from the tear
由于异常运动和撕裂导致的不稳定性,肩关节出现关节炎的情况
Severe disease or injury of the shoulder joint may need to be treated with a joint replacement
肩关节的严重疾病或损伤可能需要通过关节置换术来治疗
A standard shoulder replacement uses manufactured materials to create a new ball for the head of the humerus and a new socket for the scapula
标准肩关节置换术使用人造材料为肱骨头创建一个新的球,并为肩胛骨创建一个新的插座
However when disease or injury of the shoulder joint is complicated by a severely weakened or injured rotator cuff
然而,当肩关节的疾病或损伤因肩袖严重衰弱或受伤而变得复杂时,
a reverse shoulder replacement may be necessary
可能需要反向肩关节置换术
A reverse shoulder replacement allows the deltoid muscle in the arm to take over movement of the shoulder joint from the weak and injured rotator cuff
反向肩关节置换术可以让手臂上的三角肌从薄弱和受伤的肩袖处接管肩关节的运动
In this repair the position of the ball and the socket are reversed
在这次修复中,球和插座的位置颠倒了
The socket implant is attached to the top of the humerus where the ball or head used to be
接受腔植入物固定在肱骨顶部,也就是球头或球头所在的位置·
And the ball implant is attached to the scapula where the socket used to be
而且,球植入物附着在肩胛骨上,也就是插座曾经所在的地方
In a reverse total shoulder replacement the procedure will begin with an incision over the shoulder joint
在反向全肩关节置换术中,手术将从肩关节切口开始
The surgeon will separate the head of the humerus from the shoulder joint …and remove it
外科医生会将肱骨头与肩关节分离……并将其移除
The humerus will be hollowed out in preparation for placement of the socket implant
肱骨将被挖空,为植入窝做准备
Next the inside of the glenoid cavity will be reshaped to prepare it for placement of the ball implant
接下来,关节盂内部将被重塑,为放置球植入物做好准备
A metal base will be attached to the scapula with screws
金属底座将用螺钉固定在肩胛骨上
The ball will be screwed onto the metal base
球将被拧到金属底座上
The socket implant is on a metal stem
接受腔植入物位于金属柄上
It will be inserted into the humerus
它将被插入肱骨
Finally the surgeon will put the new joint together by inserting the ball implant into the socket implant
最后,外科医生将球植入物插入窝植入物中,将新关节组装在一起
At the end of the procedure the incision will be closed with stitches
手术结束时,切口将缝合
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