肝常见疾病
视频:
肝衰竭

肝脏是人体第二大器官
它由四个叶组成,
由数百个小叶组成
每个小叶是肝脏的基本结构元素,代谢碳水化合物、脂质和蛋白质
小叶处理葡萄糖,糖是细胞的主要能量来源
来自消化道的葡萄糖流入小叶,在那里肝细胞(肝脏的主要细胞类型)
将多余的葡萄糖储存为糖原,
并将葡萄糖分配给身体
肝细胞还分泌胆汁,
这有助于身体消化脂质
库普弗细胞驻留在肝脏中,有助于清除血液中的毒素和细菌
肝细胞还产生凝血因子以防止出血
由肝脏执行的其他重要功能
包括
蛋白质合成,
维生素储存,
以及旧红细胞的分解
因为肝脏可以过滤毒素,
它们的积累会导致肝衰竭
慢性肝衰竭,最常见的肝衰竭形式,
最常由长期酗酒引起
或慢效乙型或丙型肝炎感染
慢性肝衰竭通过肝硬化或肝脏疤痕造成损害
随着时间的推移,细胞会死亡,
它们逐渐被形成结节的疤痕组织所取代
疤痕组织阻碍血液流经肝脏,
减缓营养物质的新陈代谢和毒素的过滤,
肝功能逐渐衰退
急性肝衰竭比慢性肝衰竭少见
急性肝功能衰竭的常见原因是中毒、
例如过量服用对乙酰氨基酚或其他药物,
或急性感染甲型或乙型肝炎,
迅速杀死肝细胞
肝硬化是不可逆的,
因此治疗的重点是停止饮酒,
预防疾病进展和治疗并发症
慢性肝病唯一确定的治疗方法是肝移植
有疫苗可以预防甲型肝炎和乙型肝炎感染,但不能预防丙型肝炎
干扰素等抗病毒药物,
例如利巴韦林,
阻断病毒性肝炎的复制
当过量服用对乙酰氨基酚引起急性肝功能衰竭时,
它是用N-乙酰半胱氨酸处理的,
通常称为粘霉菌
如果在服药过量后不久服用,
mucomyst 帮助肝脏安全地排出对乙酰氨基酚代谢物

The liver is the second largest organ in the body
肝脏是人体第二大器官
It consists of four lobes
它由四个叶组成,
comprised of hundreds of lobules
由数百个小叶组成
Each lobule the basic structural element of the liver metabolizes carbohydrates lipids and proteins
每个小叶是肝脏的基本结构元素,代谢碳水化合物、脂质和蛋白质
Lobules process glucose the sugar that is the main energy source for cells
小叶处理葡萄糖,糖是细胞的主要能量来源
Glucose from the digestive tract flows into the lobules where hepatocytes the primary cell type in the liver
来自消化道的葡萄糖流入小叶,在那里肝细胞(肝脏的主要细胞类型)
store excess glucose as glycogen
将多余的葡萄糖储存为糖原,
and distribute glucose to the body
并将葡萄糖分配给身体
Hepatocytes also secrete bile
肝细胞还分泌胆汁,
which helps the body digest lipids
这有助于身体消化脂质
Kupffer cells reside in the liver and help to remove toxins and bacteria from the blood
库普弗细胞驻留在肝脏中,有助于清除血液中的毒素和细菌
Hepatocytes also produce blood clotting factors to prevent hemorrhage
肝细胞还产生凝血因子以防止出血
Other vital functions performed by the liver
由肝脏执行的其他重要功能
include
包括
protein synthesis
蛋白质合成,
vitamin storage
维生素储存,
and the breakdown of old red blood cells
以及旧红细胞的分解
Because the liver filters toxins
因为肝脏可以过滤毒素,
their accumulation can cause liver failure
它们的积累会导致肝衰竭
Chronic liver failure the most common form of liver failure
慢性肝衰竭,最常见的肝衰竭形式,
is most often caused by long term alcohol abuse
最常由长期酗酒引起
or slow acting hepatitis B or C infection
或慢效乙型或丙型肝炎感染
Chronic liver failure causes damage through cirrhosis or scarring of the liver
慢性肝衰竭通过肝硬化或肝脏疤痕造成损害
As cells die over time
随着时间的推移,细胞会死亡,
they are gradually replaced with scar tissue that forms nodules
它们逐渐被形成结节的疤痕组织所取代
The scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver
疤痕组织阻碍血液流经肝脏,
slowing the metabolism of nutrients and filtration of toxins
减缓营养物质的新陈代谢和毒素的过滤,
gradually diminishing liver function
肝功能逐渐衰退
Acute liver failure is less common than chronic liver failure
急性肝衰竭比慢性肝衰竭少见
Common causes of acute liver failure are poisoning
急性肝功能衰竭的常见原因是中毒、
such as an overdose of acetaminophen or other medications
例如过量服用对乙酰氨基酚或其他药物,
or acute infection with hepatitis A or B
或急性感染甲型或乙型肝炎,
which rapidly kills hepatocytes
迅速杀死肝细胞
Cirrhosis is not reversible
肝硬化是不可逆的,
so treatment focuses on cessation of alcohol consumption
因此治疗的重点是停止饮酒,
prevention of disease progression and treatment of complications
预防疾病进展和治疗并发症
The only definitive treatment for chronic liver disease is a liver transplant
慢性肝病唯一确定的治疗方法是肝移植
There are vaccines to prevent infection with hepatitis A and B but not C
有疫苗可以预防甲型肝炎和乙型肝炎感染,但不能预防丙型肝炎
Interferon and other antiviral drugs
干扰素等抗病毒药物,
such as ribavirin
例如利巴韦林,
block the replication of viral hepatitis
阻断病毒性肝炎的复制
When acute liver failure is caused by an overdose of acetaminophen
当过量服用对乙酰氨基酚引起急性肝功能衰竭时,
it is treated with N acetylcysteine
它是用N-乙酰半胱氨酸处理的,
commonly known as mucomyst
通常称为粘霉菌
If administered shortly after an overdose
如果在服药过量后不久服用,
mucomyst helps the liver safely excrete acetaminophen metabolites
乙酰半胱氨酸帮助肝脏安全地排出对乙酰氨基酚代谢物
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