什么是哮喘
视频:
了解哮喘

支气管哮喘,简称哮喘,是一种常见的慢性炎症性气道疾病,主要特征为气道出现反复发作的喘息、气急、胸闷或咳嗽等症状,常在夜间及凌晨发作或加重。哮喘的发病与遗传及环境等因素有关,其中遗传因素主要决定患者的易发体质,而环境因素如各种变应原、空气质量、吸烟、运动等则是具体触发因素。常见的支气管哮喘类型有运动性、药物性、职业性及过敏性等。

哮喘的症状以喘息、气急、胸闷或咳嗽为主,严重时可出现呼吸困难和低氧血症。对于已经确诊哮喘的患者,当症状加重或者妨碍日常生活时,建议及时就医。其中值得注意的是,哮喘并非传染病,因此无需担心通过空气或接触传播。
对于哮喘的治疗,目前无法完全根治,但可通过药物控制病情,提高生活品质。常用的药物主要有控制药物和缓解药物,前者用于长期控制病情,如吸入糖皮质激素等;后者用于缓解急性发作,如短效β2受体激动剂等。此外,一部分重度或难治性哮喘患者,可以尝试支气管热成形术等非药物治疗。

由于无法根治,哮喘的预防显得尤为重要。常规的预防措施包括避免诱发哮喘的环境和物质,积极治疗上呼吸道感染,注意保持良好的生活和饮食习惯等。尽管无法根治,但经过定期规范化的治疗和管理,大部分哮喘患者可以获得良好的生活质量。

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that obstructs airflow in and out of the bronchial tubes.
哮喘是一种慢性炎症性疾病,它会阻碍空气进出支气管·
Normally as the diaphragm contracts and relaxes air moves freely in and out of the trachea and bronchi
正常情况下,随着横膈膜的收缩和舒张,空气自由地进出气管和支气管,
to the bronchioles and then to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
然后进入细支气管,最后到达肺泡,在那里进行气体交换·
During this process carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the bloodstream into the alveolus
在这个过程中,二氧化碳会从血液中扩散到肺泡中,
while oxygen will diffuse from the alveolus into the bloodstream.
而氧气则会从肺泡扩散到血液中·
Smooth muscle in the bronchial walls is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
支气管壁中的平滑肌由自主神经系统控制·
Sympathetic stimulation relaxes smooth muscle and produces bronchodilation when the air is warm moist and free of irritants.
当空气温暖、湿润且无刺激物时,交感神经的刺激会使平滑肌松弛并导致支气管扩张·
Parasympathetic stimulation contracts smooth muscle and produces bronchoconstriction when the air is cold dry or contains irritants.
当空气寒冷、干燥或含有刺激物时,副交感神经的刺激会使平滑肌收缩并导致支气管收缩·
People with asthma have chronically inflamed and swollen airways that are hyperreactive to irritants that can trigger an asthma attack.
哮喘患者的气道长期发炎和肿胀,对能够引发哮喘发作的刺激物具有高反应性·
Asthma triggers include outdoor irritants and allergens such as pollen smoke pollution and cold weather
哮喘的诱发因素包括户外的刺激物和过敏原,如花粉、烟雾、污染和寒冷天气;
indoor irritants and allergens such as mold pet dander dust mites and cockroach droppings
室内的刺激物和过敏原,如霉菌、宠物皮屑、尘螨和蟑螂粪便;
food allergens such as fish shellfish eggs peanuts and soy
食物过敏原,如鱼、贝类、鸡蛋、花生和大豆;
physiological conditions such as respiratory infections stress and strong emotions and exercise.
生理状况,如呼吸道感染、压力和强烈情绪以及运动·
During an asthma attack these triggers can induce mast cells and leukocytes to release chemical substances such as histamine kinins prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
在哮喘发作期间,这些诱发因素会促使肥大细胞和白细胞释放化学物质,如组胺、激肽、前列腺素和白三烯·
These substances are chemical mediators of inflammation that can precipitate a bronchospasm.
这些物质是炎症的化学介质,能够引发支气管痉挛·
Suddenly the bronchial smooth muscle tightens and the bronchial wall becomes more swollen.
突然,支气管平滑肌收紧,支气管壁变得更加肿胀·
Goblet cells in the mucosa produce thicker mucus further obstructing the airway.
黏膜中的杯状细胞会产生更浓稠的黏液,进一步阻塞气道·
This combination of factors slows normal gas exchange.
这些因素共同作用,减缓了正常的气体交换·
The symptoms of a bronchospasm include coughing wheezing shortness of breath and chest tightness.
支气管痉挛的症状包括咳嗽、喘息、气短和胸闷·
Medicines that treat asthma affect the inflammation of the airway wall the constriction of the bronchial muscles or mucus secretion.
治疗哮喘的药物会影响气道壁的炎症、支气管肌肉的收缩或黏液的分泌·
The most important asthma medications are long acting anti inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids leukotriene inhibitors and cromolyn sodium.
最重要的哮喘药物是长效抗炎药,如皮质类固醇、白三烯抑制剂和色甘酸钠·
These drugs keep asthma under control by preventing or reducing inflammation of the bronchial wall.
这些药物通过预防或减轻支气管壁的炎症来控制哮喘·
This makes the airways less sensitive to bronchospasm triggers.
这使得气道对支气管痉挛的诱发因素不那么敏感·
Regular use of maintenance medications makes it less likely that an asthma flare up will take place.
定期使用维持药物可降低哮喘发作的可能性·
Bronchodilators are either quick relief rescue medications such as short acting beta agonists or long acting maintenance medications such as theophylline and anticholinergics.
支气管扩张剂要么是快速缓解的急救药物,如短效 β 受体激动剂,要么是长效维持药物,如茶碱和抗胆碱能药物·
These drugs cause the bronchial smooth muscle to relax quickly or gradually over a longer period of time.
这些药物会使支气管平滑肌迅速或在较长时间内逐渐松弛·
Regular use of long acting maintenance medication is critical in keeping your airways open and less inflamed.
定期使用长效维持药物对于保持气道通畅和减轻炎症至关重要·
This reduces the likelihood of asthma flare ups.
这降低了哮喘发作的可能性·
When flare ups do happen it is important for patients to work with their licensed healthcare professional to develop an action plan for the correct use of short acting rescue medication.
当哮喘确实发作时,患者与有资质的医疗保健专业人员合作制定正确使用短效急救药物的行动计划是很重要的·
Rescue medication opens airways quickly providing symptom relief within minutes.
急救药物能迅速打开气道,在几分钟内缓解症状·
内容操作
视频
教程课件
单词卡片