在这个视频中,我们将讨论被动运输。
被动运输是指粒子在不消耗能量的情况下,顺着浓度梯度从高浓度区域通过细胞膜移动到低浓度区域。
被动运输有哪些类型呢?它们是扩散、渗透作用和协助扩散。
我们首先用这个容器里的溶液来描述扩散。
溶液是一种溶解有其他物质的液体。
浅蓝色代表溶剂,也就是溶液中的液体部分。
黄色颗粒代表被溶解的物质,即溶质。
容器中间的结构代表一种半透性细胞膜,它是一种只有特定大小的粒子才能自由通过的屏障。
需要注意的是,尽管扩散通常发生在细胞膜上,但扩散在有或没有半透性膜的情况下都可能发生。
现在,左边的溶质比右边的多。
因为溶质粒子能够穿过半透性膜,所以它们会自然地从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域。
它们会一直这样移动,直到容器两边的溶质粒子数量大致相等。
这被称为达到平衡状态。
让我们回顾一下到目前为止所讲的内容。
扩散就是粒子从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域的过程。
它就这样自然发生了。
这是一个不消耗任何能量的自然过程。
这里有一个没有半透性膜时发生扩散的例子。
如果你在房间里喷空气清新剂,你附近的人马上就能闻到味道。
但过了一会儿,取决于房间的大小,离得更远的人也会开始闻到味道。
这是因为有香味的小分子试图通过在整个房间均匀扩散来达到平衡状态。
记住,扩散是一个自然过程,就像球从山上滚下来一样。
球的滚动是自动的,不需要任何能量。
渗透作用是涉及水分子的扩散。
让我们来看另一个容器,这里溶剂是水,但溶质粒子更大。
这个容器中的膜上的开口对于溶质来说太小了,溶质无法通过,但水可以自由穿过膜。
这次,我们将关注水的浓度梯度,而不是溶质粒子。
尽管大的溶质粒子无法穿过膜,但水分子足够小,可以穿过。
水会从高浓度区域自由地移动到低浓度区域,直到达到平衡状态。
平衡意味着膜两边水与溶质粒子的比例大致相同。
在细胞中,渗透作用意味着水通过细胞膜进行扩散。
水可以通过细胞膜进出细胞,直到细胞与其周围环境达到平衡状态。
所以和扩散一样,渗透作用也是被动的。
不需要消耗能量。
它会自动发生。
协助扩散是一种被动运输类型,在这种运输方式中,分子通过细胞膜上专门的蛋白质通道进行扩散。
这些蛋白质通道就像特殊的港口或隧道一样,允许这些物质进出细胞。
协助扩散也是粒子从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域的过程。
你怎么知道的呢?
从 “扩散” 这个词就能知道。协助扩散就像我们之前讨论的扩散例子一样,自然地发生,不需要额外的能量。
但协助扩散通常发生在那些比能透过细胞膜磷脂层的粒子稍大一点的粒子身上。
所以它们通过蛋白质通道以一种特殊的方式顺着浓度梯度进出细胞。
总之,被动运输是一种不需要细胞消耗任何能量的自然过程。
被动运输的类型有扩散、渗透作用和协助扩散。

In this video we will be discussing passive transport
在这个视频中,我们将讨论被动运输·
Passive transport is when particles move through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without the use of energy also described as movement along the concentration gradient.
被动运输是指粒子在不消耗能量的情况下,顺着浓度梯度从高浓度区域通过细胞膜移动到低浓度区域·
What are the types of passive transport They are diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion.
被动运输有哪些类型呢?它们是扩散、渗透作用和协助扩散·
We'll describe diffusion first using the solution in this container.
我们首先用这个容器里的溶液来描述扩散·
A solution is a liquid with something dissolved in it.
溶液是一种溶解有其他物质的液体·
The aqua color represents the solvent meaning the liquid part of the solution.
浅蓝色代表溶剂,也就是溶液中的液体部分·
The yellow particles represent the dissolved substance called the solute.
黄色颗粒代表被溶解的物质,即溶质·
The structure in the middle of the container represents a semi permeable cell membrane a barrier through which only certain sized particles can pass freely.
容器中间的结构代表一种半透性细胞膜,它是一种只有特定大小的粒子才能自由通过的屏障·
It's important to note that although diffusion often occurs across the cell membrane diffusion can happen with or without a semi permeable membrane.
需要注意的是,尽管扩散通常发生在细胞膜上,但扩散在有或没有半透性膜的情况下都可能发生·
Right now there is more solute on the left than there is on the right.
现在,左边的溶质比右边的多·
Because solute particles are able to pass through the semi permeable membrane they are going to naturally move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
因为溶质粒子能够穿过半透性膜,所以它们会自然地从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域·
They will continue to do this until both sides of the container have about equal numbers of solute particles.
它们会一直这样移动,直到容器两边的溶质粒子数量大致相等·
This is called achieving a state of equilibrium.
这被称为达到平衡状态·
Let's review what we've covered so far.
让我们回顾一下到目前为止所讲的内容·
Diffusion is when particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
扩散就是粒子从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域的过程·
This just happens.
它就这样自然发生了·
It's a natural process that doesn't use any energy.
这是一个不消耗任何能量的自然过程·
Here's an example of diffusion happening without a semi permeable membrane.
这里有一个没有半透性膜时发生扩散的例子·
If you spray air freshener in a room people near you smell it right away.
如果你在房间里喷空气清新剂,你附近的人马上就能闻到味道·
But after a short time depending on the size of the room people farther away will also begin to smell it.
但过了一会儿,取决于房间的大小,离得更远的人也会开始闻到味道·
This is because the little scented molecules are trying to achieve equilibrium by spreading evenly throughout the room.
这是因为有香味的小分子试图通过在整个房间均匀扩散来达到平衡状态·
Remember diffusion is a natural process like a ball rolling down a hill.
记住,扩散是一个自然过程,就像球从山上滚下来一样·
The ball's movement is automatic and doesn't require any energy.
球的滚动是自动的,不需要任何能量·
Osmosis is diffusion that happens with water molecules.
渗透作用是涉及水分子的扩散·
Let's look at another container in which the solvent is water but the solute particles are larger.
让我们来看另一个容器,这里溶剂是水,但溶质粒子更大·
The membrane in this container has openings that are too small for the solute to move through but water can pass through the membrane freely.
这个容器中的膜上的开口对于溶质来说太小了,溶质无法通过,但水可以自由穿过膜·
This time we'll focus on the concentration gradient of the water rather than the solute particles.
这次,我们将关注水的浓度梯度,而不是溶质粒子·
Although the large solute particles can't pass through the membrane the water molecules are small enough to pass through.
尽管大的溶质粒子无法穿过膜,但水分子足够小,可以穿过·
The water moves freely from its area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
水会从高浓度区域自由地移动到低浓度区域,直到达到平衡状态·
Equilibrium means that the proportion of water to solute particles is about the same on both sides of the membrane.
平衡意味着膜两边水与溶质粒子的比例大致相同·
In the cell osmosis means diffusion of water through the cell membrane.
在细胞中,渗透作用意味着水通过细胞膜进行扩散·
Water can enter or leave the cell through the membrane until the cell achieves a state of equilibrium with its surroundings.
水可以通过细胞膜进出细胞,直到细胞与其周围环境达到平衡状态·
So like diffusion osmosis is passive.
所以和扩散一样,渗透作用也是被动的·
No energy is required.
不需要消耗能量·
It just happens automatically.
它会自动发生·
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport in which molecules diffuse through specialized protein channels in the cell membrane.
协助扩散是一种被动运输类型,在这种运输方式中,分子通过细胞膜上专门的蛋白质通道进行扩散·
The protein channels work like special ports or tunnels that allow these substances in or out of the cell.
这些蛋白质通道就像特殊的港口或隧道一样,允许这些物质进出细胞·
Facilitated diffusion is also when particles move from high concentration to low concentration.
协助扩散也是粒子从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域的过程·
How do you know that
你怎么知道的呢?
From the word "diffusion". Facilitated diffusion works naturally without added energy just like the diffusion example we discussed earlier.
从 "扩散" 这个词就能知道·协助扩散就像我们之前讨论的扩散例子一样,自然地发生,不需要额外的能量·
But facilitated diffusion generally happens with particles a bit larger than those that can seep through the cell membrane's phospholipid layers.
但协助扩散通常发生在那些比能透过细胞膜磷脂层的粒子稍大一点的粒子身上·
So they move in or out of the cell along the concentration gradient in a specialized way through protein channels.
所以它们通过蛋白质通道以一种特殊的方式顺着浓度梯度进出细胞·
In summary passive transport is a natural process that doesn't require the cell to expend any energy.
总之,被动运输是一种不需要细胞消耗任何能量的自然过程·
The types of passive transport are diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion.
被动运输的类型有扩散、渗透作用和协助扩散·
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