胰腺的内分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一种叫做胰岛素的激素
胰腺中β细胞的微观区域位于朗格汉斯胰岛上
这些β细胞释放胰岛素
进餐后，血液中葡萄糖含量的增加会触发胰岛上的β细胞分泌适量的胰岛素激素，胰岛素激素通过血液到达目标细胞，促进葡萄糖向细胞内输送
葡萄糖必须进入细胞内才能参与细胞呼吸，从而产生细胞过程所需的能量
某些组织，如骨骼肌和脂肪组织，在葡萄糖进入之前需要胰岛素来打开其细胞
胰岛素附着在细胞表面的特定受体上，使细胞膜上的葡萄糖转运蛋白打开，让葡萄糖进入细胞。
随着细胞吸收葡萄糖，血糖水平下降
1 型糖尿病是一种胰腺失去分泌胰岛素能力的疾病，会导致高血糖和其他代谢并发症。
在这种疾病中，淋巴细胞分泌的抗体会攻击并破坏β细胞，因此胰腺几乎不产生胰岛素。
由于缺乏足够的胰岛素，葡萄糖无法进入细胞，导致血糖浓度过高，这种情况被称为高血糖症。
由于无法进入细胞，葡萄糖在血液中积聚
肾脏会过滤掉多余的葡萄糖，这些葡萄糖会随尿液流失，从而导致糖尿，即尿液中含有大量葡萄糖。
1 型糖尿病患者高血糖的常见症状包括多食，即进食过多；多饮，即口渴过多；多尿，即尿量增加；以及不明原因的体重减轻。
由于胰岛素持续缺乏，细胞无法利用糖分获取能量，因此身体会分解脂肪和蛋白质，将其作为能量的替代来源。
随着脂肪分解的继续，酸性副产物（即酮体）会在血液中积聚，从而导致酮症。
如果任由其积累到危险的高水平，就会导致一种名为糖尿病酮症酸中毒的危及生命的病症
1 型糖尿病会造成组织退行性损伤，导致长期并发症，如动脉粥样硬化、失明、神经病变和肾功能障碍等。
有执照的医疗专业人员会开出胰岛素替代疗法来治疗 1 型糖尿病
如果糖尿病患者使用注射器注射胰岛素，他或她必须在不同的注射部位轮流注射，以防止局部组织损伤和吸收问题
通过注射器或胰岛素泵输送胰岛素后，胰岛素可迅速降低高血糖，促进葡萄糖向细胞内输送
胰岛素还能抑制酮病，恢复代谢平衡
除胰岛素治疗外，患者还必须密切控制血糖水平，经常检测血糖，血糖值应在每分升 70 至 120 毫克之间。
患者还应该通过定期血红蛋白 A1C 检测来监控血糖水平，该检测可测量两到三个月内血液中糖化血红蛋白的含量。
当葡萄糖附着在红细胞内的血红蛋白上时，就会产生糖化血红蛋白。
糖化血红蛋白的形成速度随血浆葡萄糖水平的升高而加快
糖尿病患者理想的血红蛋白 A1C 水平应低于 7
血红蛋白 A1C 水平越高，患糖尿病并发症的风险就越高
患者还可以通过控制饮食和坚持锻炼来更密切地监测血糖水平。
通过治疗和控制血糖水平，患者可预防糖尿病并发症的发生

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One of the endocrine functions of the pancreas is to secrete a hormone called insulin into the blood
胰腺的内分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一种叫做胰岛素的激素
Microscopic regions of beta cells in the pancreas are located on the islets of Langerhans
胰腺中β细胞的微观区域位于朗格汉斯胰岛上
These beta cells release insulin
这些β细胞释放胰岛素
After consumption of a meal increasing amounts of glucose in the blood trigger beta cells in the islets to secrete the appropriate amount of insulin hormone which travels through the bloodstream to target cells where it promotes the transport of glucose into the cells
进餐后,血液中葡萄糖含量的增加会触发胰岛上的β细胞分泌适量的胰岛素激素,胰岛素激素通过血液到达目标细胞,促进葡萄糖向细胞内输送
Glucose must get inside cells to participate in cellular respiration which creates the energy needed for cellular processes
葡萄糖必须进入细胞内才能参与细胞呼吸,从而产生细胞过程所需的能量
Certain tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue require insulin to unlock their cells before glucose can enter
某些组织,如骨骼肌和脂肪组织,在葡萄糖进入之前需要胰岛素来打开其细胞
Insulin attaches to specific receptors on the cell's surface causing glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane to open allowing glucose to pass into the cell
胰岛素附着在细胞表面的特定受体上,使细胞膜上的葡萄糖转运蛋白打开,让葡萄糖进入细胞·
As cells take up glucose the blood glucose level falls
随着细胞吸收葡萄糖,血糖水平下降
Type 1 diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin resulting in high blood glucose levels and other metabolic complications
1 型糖尿病是一种胰腺失去分泌胰岛素能力的疾病,会导致高血糖和其他代谢并发症·
In this disease antibodies secreted by lymphocytes attack and destroy the beta cells so the pancreas produces little or no insulin
在这种疾病中,淋巴细胞分泌的抗体会攻击并破坏β细胞,因此胰腺几乎不产生胰岛素·
Lack of sufficient insulin prevents glucose from entering cells resulting in a high blood glucose concentration a condition called hyperglycemia
由于缺乏足够的胰岛素,葡萄糖无法进入细胞,导致血糖浓度过高,这种情况被称为高血糖症·
Unable to pass into cells glucose builds up in the blood
由于无法进入细胞,葡萄糖在血液中积聚
The kidneys filter out the excess glucose which is lost in urine resulting in glycosuria or large quantities of glucose in the urine
肾脏会过滤掉多余的葡萄糖,这些葡萄糖会随尿液流失,从而导致糖尿,即尿液中含有大量葡萄糖·
Common symptoms of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes include polyphagia or excessive eating polydipsia or excessive thirst polyuria or increased urine volume and unexplained weight loss
1 型糖尿病患者高血糖的常见症状包括多食,即进食过多;多饮,即口渴过多;多尿,即尿量增加;以及不明原因的体重减轻·
As the insulin deficiency continues cells are unable to use sugar for energy so the body breaks down fats and proteins to use them as an alternative source of energy
由于胰岛素持续缺乏,细胞无法利用糖分获取能量,因此身体会分解脂肪和蛋白质,将其作为能量的替代来源·
As fat breakdown continues acidic byproducts known as ketone bodies accumulate in the blood resulting in a condition called ketosis
随着脂肪分解的继续,酸性副产物(即酮体)会在血液中积聚,从而导致酮症·
If allowed to build up to dangerously high levels a life threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis results
如果任由其积累到危险的高水平,就会导致一种名为糖尿病酮症酸中毒的危及生命的病症
Type 1 diabetes can cause degenerative tissue damage resulting in long term complications such as atherosclerosis blindness neuropathy and renal dysfunction
1 型糖尿病会造成组织退行性损伤,导致长期并发症,如动脉粥样硬化、失明、神经病变和肾功能障碍等·
Licensed health professionals prescribe insulin replacement therapy to treat type 1 diabetes
有执照的医疗专业人员会开出胰岛素替代疗法来治疗 1 型糖尿病
If a diabetic person uses a syringe to deliver doses of insulin he or she must rotate between injection sites to prevent localized tissue damage and absorption problems
通过注射器或胰岛素泵输送胰岛素后,胰岛素可迅速降低高血糖,促进葡萄糖向细胞内输送
Once delivered via syringe or insulin pump the insulin rapidly reduces hyperglycemia facilitating transport of glucose into cells
通过注射器或胰岛素泵输送胰岛素后,胰岛素可迅速降低高血糖,促进葡萄糖向细胞内输送
Insulin also suppresses ketosis restoring metabolic balance
胰岛素还能抑制酮病,恢复代谢平衡
In addition to insulin therapy patients must manage their glucose levels closely with frequent glucose checks which should fall between 70 and 120 milligrams per deciliter
除胰岛素治疗外,患者还必须密切控制血糖水平,经常检测血糖,血糖值应在每分升 70 至 120 毫克之间·
Patients should also monitor their blood glucose level with periodic hemoglobin A1C tests which measure the amount of glycated hemoglobin in the blood over a two to three month period
患者还应该通过定期血红蛋白 A1C 检测来监控血糖水平,该检测可测量两到三个月内血液中糖化血红蛋白的含量·
Glycated hemoglobin is created when glucose attaches to hemoglobin within red blood cells
当葡萄糖附着在红细胞内的血红蛋白上时,就会产生糖化血红蛋白·
Glycated hemoglobin forms at a rate that increases with plasma glucose levels
糖化血红蛋白的形成速度随血浆葡萄糖水平的升高而加快
The desired hemoglobin A1C level for people with diabetes is less than 7%
糖尿病患者理想的血红蛋白 A1C 水平应低于 7%
The higher the hemoglobin A1C level the higher the risk of developing complications from diabetes
血红蛋白 A1C 水平越高,患糖尿病并发症的风险就越高
Other actions patients can take to monitor their glucose levels more closely are diet control and consistent exercise
患者还可以通过控制饮食和坚持锻炼来更密切地监测血糖水平·
By treating and controlling blood glucose levels patients may prevent the occurrence of the complications of diabetes
通过治疗和控制血糖水平,患者可预防糖尿病并发症的发生