2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种胰岛素使用不足或效率降低导致的慢性疾病，常见于成年人，也叫成人发病型糖尿病。这种疾病是由遗传，环境因素如生活方式，营养过剩，体力活动不足等因素共同导致。往往初期症状轻微，许多人直到出现并发症或在常规体检中才被发现。
2型糖尿病的典型症状被称为“三多一少”，指多饮，多食，多尿和体重下降；但在发病早期可能无症状或症状轻微。随病情发展，高血糖症状将更明显，故应注意监测。伴随症状包括乏力，易疲劳，乏力，易疲劳，易感冒，精神萎靡，记忆力下降等。此疾病对于高危人群（包括有糖尿病家族史，肥胖，以及年龄超过45岁者）应定期进行血糖监测。2型糖尿病非传染病。
2型糖尿病治疗方法多样，以生活方式调整为基础，如控制体重并改善饮食习惯。无法通过生活方式调整控制血糖时，将会开始使用药物治疗，包括磺酰脲类，格列奈类，双胍类，噻唑烷二酮类，α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂，二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂和钠-葡萄糖协同转运子-2抑制剂等。在高危人群中，及时面诊并参加定期检查以便早期发现和治疗。
最新的治疗进展中，针对肥胖且血糖持续控制不佳的成人2型糖尿病患者，专业医疗人员可能会考虑进行代谢手术治疗，也被称为“减重手术”。同时，科学家们也一直在寻找糖尿病的根本发病因素，以期发现更有效的预防和治疗方法。

One of the endocrine functions of the pancreas is to secrete a hormone called insulin into the blood.
胰腺的内分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一种叫做胰岛素的激素·
Microscopic regions of beta cells in the pancreas are located in the islets of Langerhans.
胰腺中的β细胞微区位于朗格汉斯胰岛·
These beta cells release insulin hormone.
这些β细胞释放胰岛素激素·
The insulin molecules leave the beta cells and travel into the bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels.
胰岛素分子离开β细胞进入血液,调节血糖水平·
After a meal
餐后,
increasing amounts of glucose in the blood
血液中葡萄糖含量的增加会
trigger beta cells in the islets to secrete the appropriate amount of insulin hormone
触发胰岛中的β细胞分泌适量的胰岛素激素,
which travels through the bloodstream to target cells
胰岛素激素会通过血液到达目标细胞,
where it promotes the transport of glucose into the cells.
促进葡萄糖向细胞内的运输·
Certain tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
某些组织,例如骨骼肌和脂肪组织,
require insulin to unlock their cells before glucose can enter.
需要胰岛素在葡萄糖进入之前解锁其细胞·
Insulin attaches to specific receptors on the cell's surface
胰岛素附着在细胞表面的特定受体上,
causing glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane to open
导致细胞膜上的葡萄糖转运蛋白打开,
which allows glucose to pass into the cells.
从而使葡萄糖进入细胞·
In type 2 diabetes
在 2 型糖尿病中,
the body usually continues to produce self made or endogenous insulin.
身体通常会继续产生自制或内源性胰岛素·
However in this case the target cells resist the effects of the insulin
然而,在这种情况下,靶细胞会抵抗胰岛素的作用,
or there is an insufficient amount of insulin to meet the body's needs or both.
或者胰岛素量不足以满足身体的需要,或者两者兼而有之·
Insulin resistance is caused by a decrease in receptors
胰岛素抵抗是由受体减少
or by the presence of abnormal receptors.
或异常受体的存在引起的·
In many cases
在许多情况下,
a defect in insulin receptors prevents the normal effects of insulin on target cells
胰岛素受体的缺陷会阻止胰岛素对靶细胞的正常作用,
resulting in inadequate glucose transport into cells.
导致葡萄糖转运到细胞中的不足·
Consequently rising levels of glucose in the blood result in hyperglycemia.
因此,血液中葡萄糖水平升高导致高血糖·
Hyperglycemia stimulates the beta cells in the pancreas
高血糖会刺激胰腺中的β细胞产生更多的胰岛素,
to produce more insulin in an attempt to reduce the high blood glucose level.
以试图降低高血糖水平·
The overworked beta cells try to keep up with the demand
过度劳累的β细胞试图满足需求,
but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin.
但逐渐失去产生足够胰岛素的能力·
Due to the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia and the lack of insulin
由于高血糖的病理生理学和胰岛素缺乏,
the following classic symptoms of diabetes appear
出现以下糖尿病的典型症状
polyphagia or excessive eating
多食或过度进食;
polydipsia or excessive thirst
多饮或过度口渴;
polyuria or increased urine volume
多尿,或尿量增加;
and unexplained weight loss.
和无法解释的体重减轻·
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes that appear over time include fatigue
随着时间的推移,2型糖尿病的症状包括疲劳、
recurrent infections
反复感染、
changes in vision
视力变化、
pruritus or itching
瘙痒
and paresthesia which is a tingling or prickling sensation in the skin.
或感觉异常(皮肤有刺痛或刺痛的感觉)·
As the insulin deficiency continues
随着胰岛素缺乏的持续,
cells are unable to use sugar for energy
细胞无法利用糖作为能量,
so the body breaks down fats and proteins to use them as an alternative source of energy.
因此身体会分解脂肪和蛋白质,将它们用作替代能量来源·
As fat breakdown continues
随着脂肪继续分解,
acidic byproducts known as ketone bodies
酸性副产品(称为酮体)
accumulate in the blood
会在血液中积聚,
resulting in a condition called ketosis.
导致酮症·
If allowed to build up to dangerously high levels
如果积累到危险的高水平,
a life threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis results.
就会导致一种危及生命的疾病,称为糖尿病酮症酸中毒·
An acute complication of medications for type 2 diabetes
2型糖尿病药物的急性并发症
called hypoglycemia or insulin shock
称为低血糖或胰岛素休克,
usually begins with an excessive dose of insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication.
通常始于过量的胰岛素或口服降血糖药物·
Excessive insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication
过量的胰岛素或口服降血糖药物会导致细胞从血液中去除过多的葡萄糖,
causes cells to remove too much glucose from the blood
从而导致血液中的葡萄糖含量不足,
leaving an insufficient amount in the bloodstream
无法满足某些器官获得正常运作所需的持续能量供应的需求·
for certain organs to acquire the constant energy supply they need to function properly.
某些器官要获得持续的能量供应,它们需要正常运作·
Because the brain's primary source of energy is glucose
由于大脑的主要能量来源是葡萄糖,
it is the first organ affected by glucose levels below 70 milligrams per deciliter.
因此它是第一个受到葡萄糖水平低于70 毫克/分升影响的器官·
The neurons
神经元
starved for glucose
在缺乏葡萄糖的情况下
start to malfunction
开始失灵,
causing symptoms such as nervousness shakiness and confusion.
导致紧张、颤抖和混乱等症状·
If the glucose levels continue to drop
如果葡萄糖水平继续下降,
the electrical activity of neurons diminishes significantly
神经元的电活动显着减弱,
resulting in seizures or diabetic coma.
导致癫痫发作或糖尿病昏迷·
Chronic poorly controlled type 2 diabetes can cause degenerative tissue damage
长期控制不佳的 2 型糖尿病会造成组织退行性损伤,
resulting in long term complications
导致
such as atherosclerosis
动脉粥样硬化、
blindness
失明、
neuropathy
神经病变
and renal failure.
和肾功能衰竭等长期并发症·
Licensed health professionals prescribe a variety of oral hypoglycemic drugs to treat type 2 diabetes.
持有执照的医疗专业人员会开出多种口服降血糖药物来治疗2 型糖尿病·
Some treatments increase insulin production in the beta cells of the pancreas.
一些治疗会增加胰腺β细胞中胰岛素的产生·
Others decrease insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
其他药物则降低骨骼肌的胰岛素抵抗·
Some treatments increase insulin sensitivity in target tissues.
一些治疗会增加靶组织的胰岛素敏感性·
Others promote a slight decrease in absorption of glucose in the gut.
其他药物则促进肠道中葡萄糖吸收的轻微减少·
And finally some inhibit glucose production in the liver.
最后,有些会抑制肝脏中葡萄糖的产生·
Patients with type 2 diabetes can control their glucose levels primarily with diet and exercise.
2 型糖尿病患者主要通过饮食和运动来控制血糖水平·
In addition patients should monitor their glucose levels frequently.
此外,患者应经常监测血糖水平·
Blood glucose levels should fall between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter prior to a meal or while fasting
餐前或空腹时血糖水平应在每分升 70 至 130 毫克之间,
and should be less than 180 milligrams per deciliter two hours after starting a meal.
餐后两小时血糖水平应低于每分升 180 毫克·
When diet exercise and oral hypoglycemic drugs fail to control high blood sugar
当饮食、运动和口服降糖药物无法控制高血糖时,
patients can administer insulin injections.
患者可以注射胰岛素·
Medication should be continued with the use of non drug therapy options.
应在使用非药物治疗方案的同时继续用药·
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